SCI英文写作常见语法总结（二）
2023-03-14 14:40:50 来源：网络 点击：
六、词性理解错误
1.可数名词和不可数名词1.单数可数名词前一定要加限定词;对不可数名词则无此约束。
Computer is a machine for collectingprocessing and presenting informationA computer is a machine for collectingprocessing and presenting information.
2.有一些词或者短语后面要加复数可数名词 (例如a few,few, a variety ofvarious, other, numerous,a numberof, different, one of, many等)Smoking cessation is one of the likely factor thatcontribute to the development of obesitySmoking cessation is one of the likely factorsthat contribute to the development of obesity
3.有一些词或者短语后面要加单数可数名词(例如any other, another, each, neithereither )
Many teenagers begin smoking habits dueto peer pressure but not for any otherreasons.
Many teenagers begin smoking habits dueto peer pressure but not for any otherreason.
4.有一些词或者短语后面要加不可数名词(例如a little,little,much等)
Little progresses have been made towardstackling poverty
Little progress has been made towardstackling poverty
5.当主语被some/any,a proportion of,amajority of等修饰的时候，谓语的数要与主语的数保持一致。
In most developed countries a highproportion of the population now entershigher education at some time in their livesIn most developed countries a highproportion of the population now enterhigher education at some time in their lives
1.冠词
。1.有一些形容词前面常加定冠词 ( 比如only.very“恰好”,same等)
People with same experience should bepaid same.
People with the same experience shouldbe paid the same.ocIn.C(
2.序数词和形容词最高级前要加定冠词
1.Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currencyfor many countries since late twentieth century.Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currencyfor many countries since the late twentieth century.2. The cigarette is most common method of smokingtobacco.
The cigarette is the most common method of smokingtobacco.
3.unique, university, union, European等词的第一音节为辅音，不定冠词应该用a; 而hour和honour等单词的第一个音节为元音，因此不定冠词要用an。
C.介词
。1.介词后不能跟句子，注意其与连词的区别。比较容易被误用为连词的介词或者介词短语有despite,in spite ofduring,because of等
Many smokers are unwilling to cease smokingdespite they have knowledge of ill health effectsMany smokers are unwilling to cease smokingdespite their knowledge of ill health effects
2.to在句子中可能是介词 (需要加名词或者具备名词性质的内容) ，也可能是动词不定式符号。要根据具体情况注意区分。如，在contribute to,leadto, pay attention to, give rise to等词组中，to都是介词。
Public disorder can lead to damage a country's.
economy.
Public disorder can lead to a country's economiccrisis.
3.有一些词既可以作介词也可以作连词 (跟句子) ，如for, since, after, before等。
Traditional buildings are desired sometimes, for thesimple reason is that they are of commercial and culturavalues.
Traditional buildings are desired sometimes, for thesimple reason that they are of commercial and culturalvalues.
4.有些介词的用法是固定的，对于这种情况，必须牢记。
Most children do not feel it necessary to conform withrules.
C.动词和非谓语动词
1.不定式短语可以作后置定语修饰一个名词或者代词，常和这个名词或者代词在逻辑上形成动宾关系，此时如果不定式短语中的动词是不及物动词，需加上相应的介词。
2.有些动词加不定式作宾语或宾语补足语如want, expect, encourage, advise.persuade,cause,urge, force等
e.代词
Asking for advice from your family is betterthan overcoming a problem ourselves.Asking for advice from your family isbetter than overcoming a problem yourself
·f.分词 (分词具有形容词的性质)1.分词有时候放在名词后作定语，可以看作是定语从句的作用。
2.分词常可以放在句首或者句末充当状语。这个时候，要注意分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作或者状态。
The learning industry is booming, driving by competitionthe demand for skilled workers, the growth of media andinformation technologies and the rapid pace ofdevelopments in all career fields.
The learning industry is booming, driven by competition.the demand for skilled workers, the growth of media anoinformation technologies and the rapid pace ofdevelopments in all career fields.
动名词和不定式
动名词和不定式的一个常见区别是: 动名词常表示状态、性质，描述抽象的、经常性的、 已经发生的事情;而不定式常表示的是目的、原因，描述具体的、一次性的、将要发生的事 情。但具体的区别需要根据具体情况而定。
例: The main role of a teacher is teaching thestudents the knowledge accumulated overcenturies of human experience
The main role of a teacher is to teach thestudents the knowledge accumulated overcenturies of human experience
· h.形容词和副词
1.副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句;形容词只可以用来描写或修饰名词和代词。
例: There are not easy answers to theproblems facing this country.
There are no easy answers to theproblems facing this country.
七、单词使用错误
因为各种原因，很多同学对单词的理解高一因此在E作过程中华用设为使是“代替”的意思，而instead of不是动词，是介词。这样的例子还有很多，在这里不赞述。
例1: Tourism has instead of agriculture as the mainindustry in many places.
Tourism has replaced agriculture as the mainindustry in many places.
例2: lt is always difficult for a child to adopt to a newschool.
It is always difficult for a child to adapt to a newschool.
例3: The purpose of this reform is to increaseliving standards.
The purpose of this reform is to improveliving standards .
例4: Many problems are certain to rise ifchildren are given unlimited Internet accessMany problems are certain to arise ifchildren are given unlimited Internet access
八、词序和语序
a.副词的位置
1.动词带有一至三个助动词时，频度副词一般放在第一个助动词之后:动词前有情态动词时，频度副词放在情态动词之后。
例: The importance of a balance oftrade to a healthy economy has beenOrnever clearer than it is now.
The importance of a balance of trade toa healthy economy has never been clearelthan it is now.
2.在疑问句中，副词一般只能放在句中或句末在有一个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词常放在实义动词之前:在有两个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词的位置与其在陈述句中的位置相同。
例: Can you say honestly that you havenever lied?
Can you honestly say that you havenever lied?
3.有的副词位置非常灵活，如sometimes， often,soon， perhaps等，可放在句首、句中或句末b.形容词的位置
形容词大部分时候放在所修饰的词的前面，但是也有例外:复合不定代词的定语后置。
例: Nearly every immigrant comes to realiseimmediately that there is incomprehensible andpeculiar something about the local culture.Nearly every immigrant comes to realiseimmediately that there is somethingincomprehensible and peculiar about the locaculture.
九、倒装和平行结构
a.倒装
1.So...that和such...that句型中，如果so或者such放在句首，则需要倒装。
例: So popular Internet is that its impacts on
our daily lives are worthy of concern.So popular is Internet that its impacts on ourdaily lives are worthy of concern.
2.“only+状语”放在句首的时候，需要倒装例: Only when the external conditions arefavourable we can tackle this problem.Only when the external conditions arefavourable can we tackle this problem .
3.否定词语放在句首要倒装，如never， hardly,rarely，seldom，barely， nowhere等
例: We have made it clear that under nocircumstances we would use it for personal affairsWe have made it clear that under no circumstanceswould we useit for personal affairs.
4.具备否定意义的连词放在句首也要倒装，如
not only...but also..., nor, not until等。例: A quick dish does not necessarily mean acompromise of flavor. Nor fast food has to be junkfood.
A quick dish does not necessarily mean a compromiseof flavor. Nor does fast food have to be junk food.
1. and和or的平行结构
例1: It is widely accepted that the process ofeducation begins at birth and continuingthroughout 1ife.
It is widely accepted that the process ofeducation begins at birth and continuesthroughout life .
例2: While tertiary education has been presentthroughout much of history, it is not until recentlythat its economic，society and politicsimportance has become prominent.While tertiary education has been presentthroughout much of history, it is not until recentlythatits economic.social and politicalimportance
十、从句使用错误
a.定语从句(充当主句的定语，类似于定语形容词的功能)
1.如果先行词指人，关系代词都用who或that,不用which。
例: The elderly, which are normally incapableof looking after themselves, need time andcompassion from their family.
The elderly, who are normally incapable oflooking after themselves, need time andcompassion from their family.
2.如果关系代词在从句当中作定语，那么要用whose，而不是which或者who。
例:Of those fast-growing countriesChina, which economy has been growingat 9 percent per year, is particularlysuccessful.
Of those fast-growing countries, Chinawhose economy has been growing at 9percent per year，is particularlysuccessful
3.关系代同如果是在介词后面，只能用which或者whom，不能用that。
例: There are plenty of natural resources in Chinamost of that are unused .
There are plenty of natural resources in China，mostof which are unused.
4.where，when，why等关系副词在从句中作
状语，其后的句子结构主干必须完整。例: People like shopping on the Boxing Day, whencan buy very fashionable commodities at cost price .People like shopping on the Boxing Day, when theycan buy very fashionable commodities atcost price.
5.先行词如果是序数词、形容词最高级、不定代词 (anything， nothing)和the one，all， much,few，any， little等词时，后面一般只用that。例: Everything which he can see is upside down .Evervthing that he can see is upside down .6.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别在于: 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对其有限制作用:而非限制性定语从句与先行词只有1种松散的修饰关系，在某种程度上其功能相当于一个分句。
例: lt proves difficult to transform a person, who hascommitted crimes repeatedly into a law-abiding citizen.It proves difficult to transform a person who hascommitted crimes repeatedly into a law-abiding citizen .
b.状语从句(从句在主句中作状语，类似于副词的功能)
1.在状语从句中，如果从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，为了简洁起见，从句中常需要省略部分成分。
例: When music is heard or played by us, musicalwavs reminds us of the time and environment in whichit was created .
When being heard or played by us，music alwaysreminds us of the time and environment in which it wascreated.
2.如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语不一致那就不可以省略。
例: There is a lot to do before solving this problem.There is a lot to do before we can solve thisproblem.
c.名词性从句(从句在主句中充当主语、宾语同位语和表语)
1. whether和that不能够同时连用
例: The question remains whether thatit was a serious love affair or a passingfancy.
The question remains whether it was aserious love affair or a passing fancy
2.连词或者代词的使用错误。名词性从句不能直接用which来引导，一般应使用相应的介词，又或者直接用that引|导从句。
例1: There is an argument which is whetherviolence displayed in the media is related tosubsequent violent behaviour among viewersThere is an argument about whether violencedisplayed in the media is related to subsequentviolent behaviour among viewers .例2: Democracy is based on the idea which isthat all people are created equal.Democracy is based on the idea that all peopleare created equal.
